Four founding mothers. Names unknown.
A man arriving by ship at Ostia, 80 CE.
A woman in the Rhine valley, prehistoric, lineage K.
A woman in the Rhine valley, prehistoric, lineage N1b.
A woman whose mtDNA traveled west from China, date uncertain.
A woman in southern Italy, 9th century, converted.
A man in Mainz, 11th century, slaughtered.
A woman in Worms, 11th century, slaughtered.
A boy in Speyer, 12th century, hidden in a cellar.
A girl in Erfurt, 14th century, buried with the others.
A woman in Lublin, 16th century, reciting psalms.
A man in Vilna, 18th century, arguing about a comma.
A woman in Odessa, 1881, on a ship.
A man in New York, 1924, lying about his age.
A woman in Los Angeles, 1989, swimming.
The face of the descendant: see attached.
Notes
¹ Hammer, M.F. et al. (2000). "Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97(12): 6769–6774.
² Behar, D.M. et al. (2006). "The matrilineal ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry: portrait of a recent founder event." American Journal of Human Genetics 78(3): 487–497.
³ Costa, M.D. et al. (2013). "A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages." Nature Communications 4: 2543.
⁴ Carmi, S. et al. (2014). "Sequencing an Ashkenazi reference panel supports population-targeted personal genomics and illuminates Jewish and European origins." Nature Communications 5: 4835.
⁵ Xue, J., Lencz, T., Darvasi, A., Pe'er, I., & Carmi, S. (2017). "The time and place of European admixture in Ashkenazi Jewish history." PLoS Genetics 13(4): e1006644. See also Waldman, S. et al. (2022). "Genome-wide data from medieval German Jews show that the Ashkenazi founder event pre-dated the 14th century." Cell 185(25): 4703–4716.e16.
⁶ Li, Y.C. et al. (2015). "A genetic contribution from the Far East into Ashkenazi Jews via the ancient Silk Road." Scientific Reports 5: 8377.
⁷ Behar, D.M. et al. (2013). "No evidence from genome-wide data of a Khazar origin for the Ashkenazi Jews." Human Biology 85(6): 859–900.
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